Techniques to Boost Employee Morale Without Increasing...

In almost every industry, employers are trying to do more with less. Educational facilities throughout the United States are working hard to deal with budget cuts and growing demands on limited resources. Additionally, trade schools, college campuses and Universities across the nation are witnessing that student enrollments are at an all-time high. Simply put, more is expected to be done with less. Hard working educators are working to meet the expanding demands in their classrooms and laboratories. Davis Applied Technology College in Kaysville, Utah is certainly no stranger to the higher demands set forth on the staff and administration due to on-going budget cuts and record high head counts. Like many educational facilities, Davis†¦show more content†¦As student needs spike, they are asked to do more with less. In addition, they are coping with personal pressures: rising costs in college tuition and healthcare; shrinking values in assets like homes and retirement funds ; and increased responsibility for jobless family members. Fifty-four percent of workers plan to look for another job when the economy improves, according to a survey released in June by the Adecco Group, a company that helps businesses find temporary and permanent workers (Watson, 2009). Seventy-one percent of 18 to 29 year olds say they are likely to look for new jobs once the economy turns around, according to the same survey. Expecting workers who are under stress to radiate enthusiasm and continually express gratitude for their jobs in unrealistic. Relying upon the recession and fear of job loss to maintain worker productivity is an ineffective short-term strategy and will contribute to long-term problems (Watson, 2009). Conversely, according to Hewitt Associates’ Best Employers in Asia survey of 305 Asian companies, the most important factors that affect behavior-and happiness- are recognition, corporate polices such as benefits and worklife balance, and career opportunities. Pay only appeared as an important secondary factor (after recognition) in the Phillipines, and as tertiary factor among top executives (Fowler, 2003). Morale is the barometer of employeeShow MoreRelatedGlobal Communication Gap Analysis1551 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational market, Global must cut costs by outsourcing, however their employees belong to a trade union. This creates a problem in that Global has not included the union in their discussions. This could have legal ramifications as well as create morale issues within the company. The leadership team must communicate these changes to the employees and public in a positive manner to avoid negative publicity and the loss of valued employees. Global management needs to identify the issues that needRead MoreLiterature Review2013 Words   |  9 Pagesreconnect with the firm ¡Ã‚ ¦s mission and vision, and bring new life and meaning to their work. The various motivational techniques mentioned that are used in this article can be applied to other industries as well. - Tools: The first tool is to  ¡Ã‚ ¥Raise the bar ¡Ã‚ ¦, where the workplace should demand high quality service from its staff. This will help to breed pride, professionalism, morale, commitment and unity. Roadblocks should be eliminated, and staff should be empowered. A learning environment shouldRead MoreTeachers Welfare and Its Effect on Workers Productivity6122 Words   |  25 Pagesand within countries. At one extreme, teachers are civil servants, paid a fixed salary according to criteria such as formal qualifications and experience, enjoying complete security of tenure; at the other, teachers are employed by private sector schools, subject to relatively easy dismissal and paid according to judgments’ about their performance. The current situation with regard to teacher motivation and morale needs to be put into historical perspective and context and, in particular, theRead MoreImpact of Rewards on Employee Motivation5008 Words   |  21 Pagesijcrb.webs.com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF REWARDS ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION IN THE TELECOMMUNICATION SECTOR OF PAKISTAN Farheen B. Zaidi 1, Zahra Abbas 2 JULY 2011 VOL 3, NO 3 Abstract A good reward system is necessary to motivate the employees of an organization. This study was conducted in order to investigate the impact of rewards on the motivational level of employees of telecommunication sector of Pakistan. The impact ofRead MoreHuman Resources Development in Nigeria Local Government5371 Words   |  22 Pagesobjectives. He emphasized further that, human resources which is recognised as the most important of the resources required for the production of goods and services is the key to rapid socioeconomic development and efficient service delivery. Without adequate skilled and well-motivated workforce operating within a sound human resources management programme, development is not possible. A civil service that underrates the critical role and under plays the importance of people in goal achievementRead MoreOrganisational Development and Human Resource Management3019 Words   |  13 PagesAbstract Organisations today face many challenges. Organisation must adopt a more strategic perspective for managing employees. This report highlights the key role played by human resource professionals using organisational development techniques to improve the overall organisational effectiveness. Introduction The role of Human Resource Management (HRM) seeks to maximise organisational competiveness and performance through the best practices in the management of people. Management research hasRead MoreMedical Center Human Resource Management Plan3387 Words   |  14 PagesOrganizational Assessment of the HR Department Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis is a useful technique for understanding the organization’s strengths and weaknesses and for identifying both the opportunities open to the organization and the threats it faces (Manktelow, 2015). A human resources SWOT analysis considers internal and external factors that can either boost or impede the human resources functions within your organization (Goodrich, 2015). The following is a SWOT analysisRead MoreEmployee Morale Project7534 Words   |  31 Pagesof attitudes. Each employee has attitudes that range over the entire spectrum of human behavior. All managers have a constant concern for the morale of the group, which they lead. However, considerable confusion prevails over the use of the term morale because of variation in defining characteristics of the term. In certain cases job satisfaction and morale is considered as individual concern; in other cases job satisfaction is considered as individual phenomenon and morale as group phenomenonRead MoreEssay on Employee Motivation and Performance17868 Words   |  72 Pages | | ABSTRACT Working with full potential and applying all efforts to the work in order to get a higher level of productivity, an employee also expecting the reward and recognition from the organization. Most of the time the organizations are having not very valid performance management system, sometimes, those employees get the promotions or comparatively putting less efforts thanRead MoreProject Report on Study of Employee’s Absenteeism8670 Words   |  35 Pages | | ABSTRACT The project report entitle â€Å"A STUDY ON EMPLOYEE’S ABSENTEEISM IN SPINCO, PUDUCHEERY.† is intended to determine the employees condition, salary, Facilities, attendance program, training programme, motivation techniques and promotions To achieve this defined objective structured questionnaire based on the preliminary study made is prepared. The prepared questionnaire is used to get the direct responses from the employees

The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis...

The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson When asked this question, the immediate answer is, yes. Robert Louis Stevenson uses the features of a conventional horror story, which were very popular at the time, but also uses the story to raise social issues and make criticisms about the hypocrisy and double standards of Victorian society, in general, and Victorian London in particular. The first aspect of horror to be noticed is that the main events of the story, such as the death of Mr. Hyde, usually take place at night. The idea of these events taking place at night creates an eerie atmosphere, full of suspense. An example of this is the setting for when he little girl†¦show more content†¦The trampling of the little girl is an example of this. The word calmly is used in this incident to show that Mr. Hyde did it purposefully and that he had no remorse for doing it. The servant girl who witnesses the killing of Sir Danvers Carew described the crime as insensate, or without feeling. Mr. Hyde obviously had no apparent reason for killing Carew and therefore makes the act motiveless. The descriptive phrases also make the incidents seem very horrific and that Mr. Hyde may be someone who frequently goes around harming people without a motive considering that this is the second incident of unprovoked violence. Robert Louis Stevenson also makes links with Satan or superhuman powers. He describes Hyde as really like Satan. When Utterson meets Hyde for the first time, he says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if I ever read Satans signature upon a face, it is on that of your new friend. Hyde was obviously an evil person, but these two quotes show how he gave an outward appearance as being evil and that he gave a feeling of association with Satan without him even having to commit a crime. Hyde is described many times in the book and every time it is not in a pleasant way. Enfield, a friend of Utterson the lawyer, describes him as giving a strong sense of deformity and that he could not specify the point. It causes Enfield to feel disgust towards him, butShow MoreRelated The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson2416 Words   |  10 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson Good and bad. Pure and evil. Right and wrong. Joy and despair. These are all themes Robert Louis Stevenson addresses in his novel, â€Å"The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde† Robert Louis Stevenson presents the view that no human has the capacity to be completely good or completely bad. Instead human nature is shown to exhibit both good and bad with dynamic results. Human nature encourages us to feel and experienceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde, By Robert Louis Stevenson1323 Words   |  6 Pagesdirectly represented in the literature of the time. An excellent example is, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, by Robert Louis Stevenson, which gives a direct image of what Victorian era was like with his writing style as well as the story itself. Specifically, Stevenson portrays exactly how Victorian social life commenced as well as displays the main points of social standards of the time. Robert Louis Stevenson uses individual characters in the novella to accurately depict how people protectedRead More Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson2888 Words   |  12 PagesAnalysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson In an attempt to consider the duality tale, one narrative inevitably finds its way to the top of the heap as the supreme archetype: Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Immense disagreement permeates the pages of literary criticism relevant to the meaning of the story. Yet, for all of the wrangling focused on the psychology, morality, spirituality, and sociality of the story, itRead More Good and Evil in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson4276 Words   |  18 PagesGood and Evil in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson Throughout the story of â€Å"The Strange Case Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde†, the author, Robert Louis Stevenson, presents his idea of the duality of man- where we all have a dark, wicked side within us, where evil is held in waiting to surface, but we hide it away, we pretend it does not exist, and we keep it tame. He presents this idea by using two protagonists, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, who are actually the sameRead MoreLiterary Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson1530 Words   |  7 Pageslocation in the 1800’s during the Victorian era in this novel. As the story unfolds in the classic literature novel, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† written by Robert Louis Stevenson, the magnificent city of London becomes a darker and mysterious location. The powerful city of London embodied the freedom and solitude required for the antagonist of the story, Mr. Hyde to hide his wicked behavior from the society as a whole. According to the history of the Victorian age, â€Å"Traditional waysRead MoreTransformations in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson704 Words   |  3 PagesDr. Jekyll being an eminent doctor, with a powerful social and educational background, has an extremely sophisticated and refined appearance â€Å"a large, well-made, smooth-faced man of fifty† (44). As the quote suggests Dr. Jekyll has a majestic and renowned persona. The charity he does for the society, and his living Standards are all visible through the appearance he manifests. On the other hand, Hyde being Dr. Jekyll’s contrivance, to carry out evil purposes has an unattractive appearance and a repellentRead More Londons Social Class in Robert Louis Stevenson Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde747 Words   |  3 PagesLondons Social Class in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde One Victorian sentiment was that a civilized individual could be determined by her/his appearance. This notion was readily adopted by the upper classes and, among other things, helped shape their views of the lower classes, who certainly appeared inferior to them. In regards to social mobility, members of the upper classes may have (through personal tragedy or loss) often moved to a lower-class status, but rarely did one see an individual moveRead MoreA feminist reading of Doris Lessing’s ‘To Room Nineteen’ and ‘Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ by Robert Louis Stevenson using ideas discussed in ‘The Second Sex’ by Simone de Beauvoir2446 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿A feminist reading of Doris Lessing’s ‘To Room Nineteen’ and ‘Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ by Robert Louis Stevenson using ideas discussed in ‘The Second Sex’ by Simone de Beauvoir. The concept of Simone de Beauvoir’s myth of women discussed in ‘The Second Sex’ was still very much prevalent in the 1960s when ‘To Room nineteen’ was set and certainly at the time of ‘Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’. In the 1960s, in accordance with the second wave of feminism, women were thoughtRead More Robert Stevenson Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pages Robert Louis Stevenson began writing during the Victorian era. His style was unlike anyone elseamp;#8217;s and his stories are still popular today. Robert Louis Stevenson was an author of many classic novels and his literary success became popular when he wrote the mystery called The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Robert Louis Stevenson wrote The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in 1886 at the young age of thirty-six. He was born on November 13, 1850 in Edinburgh, Scotland. HisRead MoreIdeas Of Good And Evil Follow From The Earliest Of Days.847 Words   |  4 Pagesfollow from the earliest of days. Robert Louis Stevenson’s parents lived devout in their Christianity, but Stevenson did not follow their ideas. G.B. Stern suggests that â€Å"Although he had rejected the Calvinist doctrines his parents taught him, the focus of the interplay of good and evil continued to influence his imagination† (Stern). Stevenson forced his parents away, but their ideas stayed in his thoughts and even affected The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. His past affected his writing

The possible truths depicted in the text Essay Sample free essay sample

Possible truth depicted in the intelligence point provided may be that a meeting was held at mmankweng infirmary emerging hall. The possibility at the above may be depicted in the exposure taken by Elijah mushiana. The exposure shows a vehicle parked in forepart of the hall and masses fluxing into the hall. The exposure gives one the backbones to believe that it is true that a meeting was truly held at mankweng. Again other truth which can be depicted from the intelligence point provided may be that in the instance of the meeting they besides highlighted a intelligence crew from sowetan unmasking did go to the meeting with base once more the truth of stating a meeting was held can be classified as reliable. Phrases transporting component of persuasion The phrase transporting persuasion is the phrase â€Å"†¦the meeting was sparked sowetan exposed. . † with this phrase. sing the word â€Å"sparked† seek to set accent in our heads in carrying what they wrote is truth since they were to go to the meeting so they are besides informant of the meeting. We will write a custom essay sample on The possible truths depicted in the text Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page More over the caput of the narrative. so much persuasive â€Å"†¦HOSPITAL STUFF ON WARPATH. . † . this phrase is carrying one to believe that there was pandemonium in the hospital staff members angry with their senior forces to an extent of endangering to throw out them. Besides the usage of equivocal words like â€Å"disgruntled† seeking to arouse our heads indulging a image in our heads or an imaginativeness of what the state of affairs was at mankweng infirmary. Purposes of discourse in the text A discourse in its definition is showing oneself arousing a peculiar response from readers world every bit clearly as possible. A discourse can be either persuasive or expressive in footings of its intents. In this text. expressive discourse can be identified if one takes note of the words like â€Å"disgruntled† where the author is seeking to show how the material members were angry to their senior forces. More over persuasive discourse may be identified if one takes note of the statement â€Å"†¦the meeting was sparked by sowetan expose with the gender of insecure and unhealthy conditions while in attention of the infirmary †¦Ã¢â‚¬  with the above statement a discourse is seeking to carry one into believing that what is represented by the newspaper is true world. One will hold to believe after being told that the intelligence crew of the sowetan truly visited the infirmary in order to go to a meeting at the hospital’s emerging hall Formulate two distinguis hable discourses emulated in the text. Two distinguishable discourses which can be emulated from this text are foremost the headline on its ain its merely compression of few words but intending things may be deduced from such a headline which reads â€Å"†¦HOSPITAL STUFF MEMBERS ON A WARPARTH†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this drives or carry us to be eager to read more about what happened at mankweng. this is proved to be made credible by the exposure inserted in order for audiences to hold genuineness on what is being said to be regarded as true. Since a exposure is something that neer lies but tells truth as it is. In add-on. the 2nd discourse emulated in the text is that of doing us believe that the infirmary is in a bad state of affairs since people are deceasing who came for the deliverance of their lives as patients. Due to the hapless services provided by the infirmary. Death records were emulated in this text in order to convert us into believing that truly the infirmary was in a critical province and it needed deliverance and steps to be taken in order to do the lifesaving establishment map really proper by throw outing of the three senior forces whom they blame for supplying hapless service to the infirmary.

Well Rounded Education Essays (725 words) - Academic Transfer

Well Rounded Education Well Rounded Education The first day of class for a college student is like drawing cards in a poker game. Just as the cards that one receives determines their outcome in poker, the types of professors a student gets on the first day will determine the success of their year. The difference between a helpful and a harmful professor can easily result in a much lower grade. College professors have a wide range of personalities and backgrounds. However, professors fall into one of 3 categories: helpful, malicious, or uncaring. One type of professor in the college system is the helpful professor. This professor can be recognized right away by their smile and joyfulness in the classroom. These professors give upbeat and interesting lectures, and are always looking for the classes input to make sure they comprehend. These professors are always willing to chat with a student. Be it after class or in office hours, the helpful professor will always take time out to talk to the student about the given subject, college matters, or even problems of life that do not even have bearing on the subject. Tests in the helpful professor's class are never difficult if one know the subject matter. The professor understands how stressful testing can be and is only interested in seeing whether or not the student grasped the facts presented to them. Good students receive good grades in the helpful professor's class. Those professors appreciate hard work and duly reward it. The best kind of teacher to get that first day is the h elpful professor. The second type of professor one can get is the malicious professor. This professor has a sour attitude toward life in general; therefore they want the students to be miserable as well. Their lectures are never to the point and usually stray off to make some negative point about life. They encourage students to ask questions, but only so that they can make the person with the question feel incompetent for asking it. They are willing to talk with a student after class, but unlike the helpful professor, the malicious professor is only there to criticize. They will emphasize the student's faults but never point out their strengths, thus lowering the self-esteem of the student. The tests given by the malicious professor are vague, full of trickery, and composed of the most difficult material. These tests are not designed to survey the student's knowledge of the subject, but rather to trip them up and make them fail. If one works really hard it is possible to earn a good grade in this typ e of professor's class, but in general the grades will be as low as the malicious professor can make them. The third type of professor is the uncaring professor. This type of instructor has lost interest in teaching; therefore, they do not put any effort into it. This professor can be recognized by their monotonous tone of voice and lack of interest of the subject. Their lectures only cover the basics of the material. They make no effort to appeal to the students' interests; consequently, most students can hardly pay attention. This type of instructor is reluctant to give out office hours and can hardly ever be found there. They want to avoid all student contact because they are not interested in how the student is doing. Uncaring professors are unpredictable. They usually give the same tests year after year so that they do not have to make up a new one. Since the professor does not always cover the same material, the content of the test is unpredictable. The type of grade one will get in this class is also unpredictable. The teacher does not care enough to personally evaluate each studen t; so many students do not get the grade that they actually deserve. The personality of the professor of a course makes up as much of its content as does the subject matter. The right kind of professor can make a difficult subject easier and more enjoyable while other professors can ruin an enjoyable one. Students agree that many times it is the professor, not the subject, which makes a course easy or difficult. Therefore it is important when choosing

How to Compose a Strong Domestic Violence Research Paper

How to Compose a Strong Domestic Violence Research Paper Most high school students, as well as nearly all college and university students, are required to write a research paper before their graduation. Because of this, it is vital that all students know the basics of writing such a piece of writing. As the term â€Å"research paper† suggests, one of the major parts of working on this type of project involves doing research on the chosen topic. If you are reading this article, we can assume that you have chosen domestic violence as the issue to discuss, or that you are considering choosing this topic. There are several ways to write a research paper that worth attention. One of the best ways to do this is to stay focused. We recommend that you pick your topic first, then do some research, before making an outline (optional) and creating the first draft of your paper. When you are done with your draft, put it through a spelling and grammar checker, have a professor or peer look it over, and read its outline to find any mistakes that you might have missed either. Once this is done, you can focus on the paper’s formatting and then hand it in! Use Reliable Sources When writing a research paper, it is better to use reliable sources. When looking at them, you may wonder how many of these you need for your paper. This will often be mentioned in your assignment rubric. If the source amount is not listed, you can ask your professor. If they do not give you a required number of sources, it is usually a good idea to have at least one source per page of your assignment. One of the best places to look for reliable sources is your school’s library. It is sure to be full of great books and articles that you can use. Most books (nonfiction) are likely to be reliable sources, especially if they are published by a major publishing company. Knowing if an article is a reliable source can be a bit trickier. When using articles, you should make sure they come from a reliable source like a newspaper or a college publishing. If articles are peer-reviewed, then it is likely that they are reliable. You can also search for scholarly articles using Google Scholar. The articles found there are more likely to be reliable. If you deal with a domestic research paper, in particular, overlook the US Code to get some more valid information concerning the issue. Domestic Violence as a Research Paper Topic When working on a domestic violence research paper, you need to keep in mind that this is a sensitive topic. First of all, you have to learn several definitions of domestic abuse (physical, emotional, verbal, sexual, etc.), the history of domestic abuse, and other related legal terms and examples. If you face any difficulties when searching for this kind of information, the following information could come in handy. Nowadays, domestic violence affects people all around the world making it one of the key issues that worry population worldwide. However, because it affects the lives, you can use first-hand accounts in your paper. Domestic violence can be between parents and children, husbands and wives, and between romantic partners (even if they are not married). If you have no ideas what kind of information to use in your domestic violence research paper or have no idea which topic to pick up, take a look at 10 facts as well as 20 topic ideas we have highlighted for you to use in order to make your writing more in-depth, informative, and interesting to the audience. In conclusion, a research paper is a serious high school or college project that requires serious focus. Make sure your sources are reliable enough, especially when you are to disclose such a difficult issue as domestic violence. Do you need research paper help on domestic violence topics? Our service will assist you with writing immediately.

RAND Report Details 9-11 Victims Compensation

RAND Report Details 9-11 Victims Compensation Dateline: January, 2005 A study released by the RAND Corporation shows that victims of the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks - both individuals killed or seriously injured and individuals and businesses impacted by the strikes - have received at least $38.1 billion in compensation, with insurance companies and the federal government providing more than 90 percent of the payments. New York businesses have received 62 percent of the total compensation, reflecting the broad-ranging economic impacts of the attack in and near the World Trade Center. Among individuals killed or seriously injured, emergency responders and their families have received more than civilians and their families who suffered similar economic losses. On average, first responders have received about $1.1 million more per person than civilians with similar economic loss. The 9-11 terrorist attacks resulted in the deaths of 2,551 civilians and serious injury to another 215. The attacks also killed or seriously injured 460 emergency responders. â€Å"The compensation paid to the victims of the attacks on the World Trade Center, the Pentagon and in Pennsylvania was unprecedented both in its scope and in the mix of programs used to make payments,† said Lloyd Dixon, a RAND senior economist and lead author of the report. â€Å"The system has raised many questions about equity and fairness that have no obvious answers. Addressing these issues now will help the nation be better prepared for future terrorism. Dixon and co-author Rachel Kaganoff Stern interviewed and gathered evidence from many sources to estimate the amount of compensation paid out by insurance companies, government agencies and charities following the attacks. Their findings include: Insurance companies expect to make at least $19.6 billion in payments, comprising 51 percent of the money paid in compensation.Government payments total nearly $15.8 billion (42 percent of the total). This includes payments from local, state and federal governments, plus payments from the September 11 Victim Compensation Fund of 2001 that was established by the federal government to compensate those killed or physically injured in the attacks. The total does not include payments to clean up the World Trade Center site or rebuild public infrastructure in New York City.Payments by charitable groups comprise just 7 percent of the total, despite the fact that charities distributed an unprecedented $2.7 billion to victims of the attacks.Because of concerns that liability claims would clog the courts and create further economic harm, the federal government limited the liability of airlines, airports and certain government bodies. The government established the Victim Compensation Fund to m ake payments to families for the deaths and injuries of victims. In addition, the government funded a major economic revitalization program for New York City.RAND researchers found that businesses hurt by the attacks have received most of the compensation that the study was able to quantify. The families of civilians killed and the civilians who were injured received the second-highest payments. The study found that: Businesses in New York City, particularly in lower Manhattan near the World Trade Center, have received $23.3 billion in compensation for property damage, disrupted operations, and economic incentives. About 75 percent of that came from insurance companies. More than $4.9 billion went to revitalize the economy of Lower Manhattan.Civilians killed or seriously injured received a total of $8.7 billion, averaging about $3.1 million per recipient. Most of this came from the Victim Compensation Fund, but payments also came from insurance companies, employers and charities.About $3.5 billion was paid to displaced residents, workers who lost their jobs, or others who suffered emotional trauma or were exposed to environmental hazards.Emergency responders killed or injured received a total of $1.9 billion, with most of that coming from the government. Payments averaged about $1.1 million more per person than for civilians with similar economic losses, with most of the higher amount due to paym ents from charities.​ Certain features of the Victim Compensation Fund tended to increase compensation relative to economic loss. Other features tended to decrease compensation relative to economic loss. Researchers say more detailed individual data are needed to determine the net effect. For example, the Victim Compensation Fund decided to limit the amount of lost future earnings it would consider when calculating awards for survivors. Administrators capped income the fund would consider at $231,000 per year in projecting future lifetime earnings, even though many people killed earned more than that amount. The special master of the Victim Compensation Fund had substantial discretion to set final awards for higher income earners, but data are not available on how he exercised that discretion.

Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Development - Essay Example rnment to support humanitarian causes, the provisions and limitations of monetary allowances, & more importantly, how money translated to distinct help reaches a certain group of beneficiaries. With this said, I would say that this book is really a substantial tool for average or ordinary readers who are not necessarily involved in any humanitarian causes to understand how organizations seek to aid humanitarian crisis and will serve as a light to start motivating themselves to be part of a bigger cause, to help make the world a better place for everyone. Digging deeper to the content of the book, I would say that one of the most striking statement from the book would be, â€Å"building the resilience of vulnerable populations is an essential part of achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and is not well served by responses that create a false partition between chronic poverty and vulnerability to crisis.† (Randel, J., p.6). With the ongoing concerns tackling whether humanitarian efforts really help poor societies build a better future or just further hinder their ability to support themselves without the assistance of anyone is now on the spotlight as this book emphasizes the need to draw a line between helping them and feeding on their dependence on the government or NGOs. Of course, this is another case that has two sides of the story. We cannot deny the reality of poor communities who really need the support from humanitarian organizations to give them the tools to gain an equal chance of at least survival. Howe ver, it is also crucial to clearly set guidelines to avoid humanitarian efforts to be a weapon that would destroy a community’s drive to better themselves. As it is said, it is better to teach someone how to fish rather than just feeding him fish. A distinct example of which would be Korea where humanitarian efforts go beyond financial support, instead, builds resilience among the beneficiaries through cash-based programming, enabling people

Strategic Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Innovation - Essay Example Pull marketing has some similarities with push marketing, but the major difference is that marketing is directed at decision makers or influencers who in turn would pull potential customers. Pull marketing consists of many strategies that aim at creating an interest and an awareness of the innovation as well as create a need for it. It involves thorough research of people’s interests and creating a relation with the innovation (Kelley, 2012). According to Kelley (2012), companies should invest in both push and pull innovation if they want to establish balanced and consistent profitability. However, most companies invest more in push innovation since it is easier and offers immediate effects. Companies should know that pull innovation helps grow the potential customer range expand in the long-run and, therefore, should seek to establish a balance in both methods. For instance, as stated by Kelley (2012), states that push marketing Innovation is ideal when there is a ready market for the product and the company just needs to highlight the benefits of the innovation. Push marketing occurs when an innovation is just an improvement of past innovations and there is already an awareness of the product. Also, push marketing is ideal when a company seeks to solidify the customer loyalty. Pull innovation is ideal when the innovator seeks to attract customers who are unaware or simply disinterested in the product. Also, pull innovation used to expand customer bases in the long run. Pull marketing of innovation is best when an innovation is most disruptive of the normal trends and solutions offered to problems. When an innovation is completely new in the market, the solution it offers is not obvious; therefore, awareness is needed first before introducing push innovation (Blan, 2009). Business innovation arises from many sources such as employees, business competitors, and reaction to an arising need, customers and even

Keeping Appointments Essay Example for Free

Keeping Appointments Essay Doctors appointments are missed each and every day by people who either forget to show up or choose not to call and cancel their appointment. This article will look at some of the reasons why it is important to try to and keep doctors appointment and what to do if you must cancel. At my previous doctors surgery (office) in the UK, the surgery would regularly post the latest numbers of people who had not shown up for their doctors appointments. I was amazed at the staggering amount of people who failed to show up for their appointments. It was not just a few individuals who did not show up. A large number of people regularly missed their scheduled doctors appointments. If you are a receptionist it can be very frustrating to work under these conditions. You will have to call patients when it is their turn to see the doctor and be left standing when no one appears. Then you must inform the doctor that the patient did not show up. One of the reasons why it is best to try and keep your doctors appointment is because it is the polite thing to do. Would you arrange a job interview with a company you were serious about working for but then fail to show up? It is highly unlikely. Yet, members of the medical profession routinely have to deal with patients who do not show up for their appointments. It is also important to keep your appointment if you will be receiving the results of blood tests, and other test results that will determine your medical condition. This in turn will help doctors see what the next step should be in your courseof treatment. If you miss the appointment, you are not only wasting your doctors time. You could also place your health at risk if you do not start your treatment as quickly as possible. Sometimes, it is just not possible to keep a doctors appointment. It may clash with a business meeting at work or your childs emergency visit to the dentists. If you can, try to inform your doctors surgery of the cancellation 24 hours in advance. But if that is not possible, let them know as soon as you can. That way, your appointment slot can be given to someone else who may be in need of a last minute appointment. Keep in mind that breaking an appointment without first calling to cancel can prevent someone else from being seen and it wastes the time of doctors and the rest of the team.

Use of Figurative Language in Daddy by Sylvia Plath Essay -- Literary

The figurative language in the poem â€Å"Daddy† by Sylvia Plath can be used to discover a deeper significant of the poem. By using figurative language throughout the poem such as symbolism, imagery, and wordplay, Plath reveals hidden messages about her relationship with her father. Plath uses symbols of Nazis, vampires, size, and communication to help reveal a message about her dad. In Plath’s poem she frequently uses figurative language about Nazis and the Holocaust. Plath depicts herself as a victim by saying she is like a Jew, and her father is like a Nazi. Plath uses a train engine as a metaphor for her father speaking the German Language, and also to depict herself as a victimized Jew being taken away to a concentration camp. Plath states â€Å"And the language obscene / An engine, and engine / Chuffing me off like a Jew† (Plath 30-32). This shows the subtle metaphor of the train engine being her father speaking the German language and how she feels she is a prisoner. Plath uses other subtle metaphor that connect her father discreetly to the Nazis when she uses German words such as â€Å"Luftwaffe† (42) which is the German air force, and â€Å"Panzer-man† (45) who were the men who manned the German tanks. Another example of Plath using figurative language to depict her father as a Nazi can be found when she uses an allusio n to Hitler’s mustache and the blue eyes of Aryans. â€Å"And your neat moustache / And your Aryan eyes, bright blue† (Plath 43-44). The use of this allusion gives the father the image of Hitler himself and helps build the metaphor of her father as a Nazi. Towards the end of the poem Plath begins to be more blunt in depicting her dad as a Nazi. She uses the metaphor of her father not being like God, but rather lik... ...voices just can’t worm through† (Plath 68-70) A metaphor compares the telephone to a plant, and the plant has been cut off at the root and therefor the communication has been cut off. The roots are almost a metaphorical telephone line growing on her father’s grave, but now they are cut off and no longer available for communication. We can see the struggle Plath is having in wanting so desperately to tell her father something but never having the chance to say it. By analyzing Plath’s use of figurative language we can see a much deeper significance to her poem. We see how she depicted her father as a suffocating monster through figurative language. We also get deeper insight into the type of relationship, or rather lack of relationship between the two. Works Cited Plath, Sylvia. The Collected Poems. Ed. Ted Hughes. NewYork: Harper Perennial, 1972.

Flowchart for a Process Essay

The Pre-Admissions Testing (PAT) department at Good Samaritan Medical Center conducts pre-operative testing on almost every patient scheduled for surgery. The pre-surgical process from start to finish is more time-consuming than it has to be. This paper will identify a specific process, and design a flowchart that gives a visual of the pre-surgical process. The flowchart will show the various factors that affect the design process, and highlight the specific process. By designing a flowchart for the process, the intent is to identify the amount of time, redundancy of calls made to the patient, and initiate ideas to make the process more efficient. Factors Affecting Process Design Factors that affect the process design are 1. Is the patient scheduled as soon as the reservation is received? 2. Is the pre-admissions department notified in a timely manner for next day add- ons? 3. Is the patients contact information correct? Each factor mentioned has a huge impact on the outcome of the pre-admission process. Additional factors that affect the process design are 1. Incorrect spelling of names 2. Incorrect booking status 3. Surgery cancellations and updating surgical schedule in a timely manner Indentified Metric The metrics identified to measure the process is time, efficiency, and productivity. The following data gives a brief description of the daily activities, and the flowchart gives a description of the PAT process. Week# 1 Tuesday – 01/28/13- Scheduled several appointments; two patients showed up for appointments that were not on the schedule and had to be rescheduled due to the schedule being full. Several patients were called two or three times due to lack of communication. Called doctor offices to get correct patient phone numbers. Wednesday- 01/29/13- Had to made several doctor offices to get correct patient phone numbers. Patient was added to the schedule and PAT was not notified. Patients were rushed to come in because he was asked to come in at the last minute. Thursday-01/30/13- Had to call doctors’ offices to get correct phone numbers. Patients arrived that were not on the scheduled and the wait time was over one hour. Patients contacted after their surgery was cancelled because PAT was not notified that the surgery was cancelled. Friday- 01/31/13- Several doctors’ offices had to be contacted to get correct phone numbers. Contacted patients that were added on the schedule. Conversed with scheduling, regarding errors and incorrect information on surgery schedule also mentioned incorrect phone numbers. I work a ten-hour workday and as shown, a large amount of time goes into getting correct phone numbers, rescheduling patients, and re-calling patients that have already been contacted. Due to the inefficiency in the PAT department, the number of patients that are seen on a daily basis are limited. With several minor changes the PAT department could run more efficiently and the employees will have less stress. Pre-Admissions Testing Process Flowchart Missing References – .2 Point When writing academic papers a minimum of one reference should be provided which would be your course text. This demonstrates that you read the course text and can apply it to the topic of the paper. No references indicate a paper that reflects personal opinion only and does not demonstrate application of course concepts covered in the reading material for the week. Week 1 Grading Design a Flowchart for a Process Assignment Content and Development 6 Points| Points Earned6/6| Select a process you perform daily but would like to spend less time doing, such as driving to work. Design a flowchart using an appropriate tool.Comment on the factors that affect the process design. Identify at least one metric to measure the process.Submit your flowchart for the process.| Inez,You have provided: 1. An explanation about the process chosen to improve 2. A flowchart of the process which uses the flow chart symbols appropriately as described in Week 1 readings 3. A discussion about the factors that affect the process design 4. An identification of at least one metric to measure the process that data will be collected against for completion of students Week 5 Statistical Process Control Improvement Plan| Readability and Style 1 Point| Points Earned1/1| The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment. Sentences are complete, clear, and concise.| * Central theme/purpose is immediately clear * Structure is clear, logical, and easy to follow| Mechanics 1 Points| Points Earned.8/1| The paper is laid out with effective use of headings, font styles, and white space.Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed.Spelling is correct.| * Rules of grammar, usage, punctuation are followed * Spelling is correct * APA issue as noted in your assignment – .2 Point| Total 8 Points| Points Earned7.8/8| Chapter 5 Page 154 What Is A Process? A process is any part of an organization that takes inputs and transforms them into outputs that are of greater value to the organization than the original inputs. Page 157 How Is A Process Represented? Often the activities associated with a process affect one another so that it is important to consider the simultaneous performance of a number of activities, all operating at the same time. A good way to start analyzing a process is with a diagram showing the basic elements of a process, typically tasks, flows, and storage areas. Tasks are shown as rectangles, flows as arrows, and the storage of goods or other items as inverted triangles. Sometimes flows through a process can be diverted in multiple directions depending on some condition. Decision points are depicted as a diamond with the different flows running from the points on the diamond. Process Flowchart Example Page 162 How Is The Performance Of A Process Measured?

Essay on Increase Cost of Living

India vs. UAE Living in India as compared to staying around the world you need to adapt to the surrounding atmosphere. Similarly I have been living in Sharjah since a while however I have lived my whole life in India. Although these two countries are far apart, very few factors such as education system and the culture between the two countries. There are a lot of difference between the Indian and the UAE education system. In India the schools mainly follow CBSE system, similarly in the UAE most of the schools follow the same system. On the other hand there are many schools and colleges that follow the IGCSE system.I have studied in a school where the school follows CBSE board. The main difference between the two of them is CBSE is much harder than the IGCSE board. The portion that CBSE covers in high school is what the IGCSE students study in collage. I had a major advantage on it because I did the CBSE board. The students who study IGCSE mainly study the Cambridge portion. In India, some schools don’t even have textbooks to study from, and still people study and get amazing grades. This is because the people in India struggle to study. That’s why there is a lot of completion as compared to the UAE.In India the education system is progressing at a slow rate. In India schools don’t use the latest technology to teach the students and are still teach on the board and chalk method. In UAE almost all the schools have computers and smart boards, which make studying much more easier and fun. The fees structure in a normal collage in India is very high as compared to the fees structure in any university in the UAE. The cultural diversity in India is very huge. In UAE it is less. The parents in India are very conservative when it comes to children. if it is a girl then they will be more protective because of the security of the girl.Parents do not allow the girl to leave the house for more until late in the night. On the other hand if it were a guy then they would have not cared much. This because of when it comes to the girl, the security of hers becomes important, as she could be raped or kidnapped or anything else can happen. Whereas in the UAE this is not the case because they know wherever their children are they will reach home safely, because of the laws. According to my personal experience the mentality of an Indian parent should change and they should leave their children free to live their lives. In India people eat with their hands.The men sitting first, to eat together in one huge plate. On the contrary, in UAE people eat by sitting on the table and in different plates and sit around the dining table. In India the women don’t sit together for food with the men. When I was a young kid I use to sit on the floor and eat food with my dad and my cousin brother. Back then I use to think why eat by sitting on the floor. As I grew up I realized that it is an Indian culture and tradition to sit down and eat. The man has the last say in any important decision. Whereas in UAE, when a decision is made by asking the opinion of all the members.In conclusion in the many years to come I would like to see India catching up with the UAE. To make a country better than the others countries, Education and cultural diversities of the country plays a major role. There are many colleges in India that have been recognized internationally. The Indian education system will come up in the coming years, as the IT sector in India is booming. This will be a turning point to them as they can make some better technology better than the other countries, whereas in the UAE, technology has played an important role and which has helped them to make education much easier and more interesting to people.

Smoking in College Yay or Nay

Smoking in College Yay or Nay This isn’t going to be one of those articles that tries to convince you to quit or preaches at you. Instead, let’s talk about smoking in college in a new light! There are several issues connected with smoking that you face if you smoke. So, for those who are smoking or consider to start you should be aware of the problems you may face, and think about some alternatives as well. The Smokers Smell Some students feel pretty much fine with the fact they smoke but are really bothered about the smell. Even if you are in the process of quitting an smoke really rarely, the smell can bother other students and professors, who will immediately detect you are a smoker. Nobody wants to be the guy in class that smells like an ashtray. Several tips might be useful. How to hide it from others? Don’t bring cigarettes with you if you’ve set up your day with back-to-back classes. If you cant quit smoking while in college, just wait until after classes are done to smoke. Dont carry â€Å"butts† or cigarettes that you â€Å"butt† and don’t finish! These things reek. You might not smell it, but non-smokers can smell them from a mile away and you simply will not be able to hide the smell in class even if you try to put it in your backpack. And, wherever you put it will begin to sme. Carry hand lotion and cologne or perfume with you in your backpack or whatever. Your hands have the most of cigarette smell on them. After you’re done smoking lotion-up your hands and then give yourself a spritz. You can always keep a small travel-size toothbrush and toothpaste with you so that you can quickly brush your teeth after taking a few drags. Don’t forget to invest in breath mints and gum! So thats the problem which always accompanies a smoker it’s hard work keeping the smell at bay. It makes almost impossible to be a Secret Smoker, so if you consider to start smoking, and hope it will be left unnoticed you should think again. Smoking Education You would be shocked to find out that only a tiny sliver of smokers out there really know anything about a) tobacco, b) smoking, and c) cigarettes. Why not study up? No one start sa habit without a reason. Why smoking should be an exception? Look into the history. Learn how smokes are produced and by whom. Learn how the body processes nicotine and why it’s so addictive. Don’t do it because you’re trying to quit, but simply out of curiosity. Wouldn’t you like to know about these little â€Å"cancer sticks† that you have a love/hate relationship with? Like anything else in this world, there’s tons to learn and discover and who knows what that might lead to. Are There Safe Cigarettes? The only reason cigarettes have a bad name is because of the health risks. Well, what if you created a safer cigarette, or one that wasn’t hazardous at all? And don’t tell me it’s not possible because it is! Anything we can think of is possible and someone, someday, is going to do it and that person or that group of people are going to become billionaires without a doubt. Think of the lives they’ll save. Holy Smokes! Get on it. Just imagine guilt-free smoking. Hmm, how much would a pack of harmless cigarettes cost? Here’s a hint to get you started: look into Leaf Protein Concentrate (LPC) made from Tobacco leaves. Have You Considered Vaping? What started as these simple little gadgets made for smokers has turned into a global phenomenon. Vaping is mainstream now. Is it safer? Are the chemicals dangerous? How serious is the lack of concrete studies and evidence concerning vaping? One thing’s for sure, there’s a ton of really yummy vape flavors out there and many people have claimed that vaping or e-cigs helped them kick conventional smoking. One drawback is the cost of the vaping apparatus, these things are getting insane! Pretty soon you’ll have people carting around veritable vaping hukas! The Dating Scene If you’re a single college smoker we’d love to hear from you. Is it harder to date? And, more importantly, do you find yourself attracted to other smokers or do you try to only date non-smokers? When you fill out an online dating profile, are you honest and disclose the fact you smoke? There’s so many questions! There’s a thought, put together a creative investigation about the Smoker Dating scene! The result may help you decide whether it is worth to start smoking in college at all. Because if youll have to choose between love and cigarette it would be a hard dilemma! By the Numbers Truth is, smoking rates in the modern world are plummeting across the board. Tobacco companies are reeling! It’s primarily due to ultra-high taxation, which in turn is being driven by the dramatically high healthcare costs to look after smokes as they age. Every day the chances you’ll quit and find a more productive addiction get higher and higher. Regardless, take it easy on yourself and make your reasonable and mature decision! Want to start smoking hot discussion? Have some thoughts to share? Dont be shy! Leave your comments below!

A Man is Not a Widow (Widow vs. Widower)

A Man is Not a Widow (Widow vs. Widower) A Man is Not a Widow (Widow vs. Widower) A Man is Not a Widow (Widow vs. Widower) By Maeve Maddox Last night, not for the first time, I heard someone refer to a man as a widow. Not only did I hear this usage, I saw it headlined across a Powerpoint slide at the presentation I was attending. In English a widow is a woman whose husband has died. A man whose wife has died is a widower. As widow is feminine in meaning, the regional expression widow woman is a tautology. That is, it says the same thing twice. Another tautology inscribed on a subsequent slide at this same meeting was the 100th Year Centennial. A centennial is the observance of a 100 year anniversary. Ex. The city council announced that the town would observe the centennial of its founding. TIP: As I urged in one of my very first articles for DWT, Let the Word Do the Work! Here are some examples of the redundant widow woman usage around the web: I am 28 year old man.I am attracted by a widow woman who is interested to talk with me deeply. What can I do? Quora.com I read in the paper that Jesse James held up a train and when he found out a widow woman who was on the train didnt have any money to give him Book In 2017 a movie titled The Widow Man was released, probably increasing the confusion on peoples minds. The careful writer will observe the distinction and avoid the redundancy when using widow and widower. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the Future55 Boxing Idioms5 Ways to Reduce Use of Prepositions

The Cultural Dominance of the Christians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Cultural Dominance of the Christians - Essay Example Historically, they are almost a blank, we only know that at the end of this period of rapine and death the region now called Europe was utterly changed† (Doren cited in Riley). It was fundamentally the cultural dominance of the Christians that had enabled Europe to survive through this political instability. Another reason they are remembered as the dark ages is the fact that little if any, first-hand account of that period could ever be found. That was so because owing to the lack of education, reading and writing were not the virtues of the people of that era. It was the Christian church that learned during the Dark Ages. After the fall, instead of Rome’s City of Man, people accepted Augustine’s City of God. The converts had little concern with the materialistic world. They could sacrifice their status to attain spiritual wellbeing. The limited academic progress of society was the consequence of Christians’ lack of interest in science. Ans. Before explaining who the Historical Jesus was, it is advisable to mention that the Jesus Christ and the Historical Jesus was the same person. Some people consider the Jesus of Nazareth different from the historical Jesus. â€Å"The general consensus among non-evangelical scholars has been that the Jesus presented in the Bible, and the one who actually walked on the earth are two distinctly different people. The Bias of the Gospel and Epistles authors is often cited as the problem† (â€Å"The Historical Jesus†). The historical Jesus was provided with certain powers by God Almighty like he could bring a dead person back to life with due permission from God.

What Should Eastern European Migrants to UK Do In Order To Be More Dissertation

What Should Eastern European Migrants to UK Do In Order To Be More Gainfully Employed - Dissertation Example What Should Eastern European Migrants to UK Do In Order To Be More Gainfully Employed? According to European Commission website (European Commission, 2011 http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/5th_enlargement/index_en.htm), in May 2004 Poland, the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Slovenia, Lithuania, Hungary and Estonia joined European Union. The United Kingdom was only one of three European countries to allow the free migration of workers. The ability to work and to live in abroad made thousands of people leave their home and go to look for a better living in UK. Hull like other UK cities experienced rising number of immigrants coming from East and Central Europe. According to Department for Work & Pensions, the total number of immigrants coming to Hull between 2004-2008 from east and central European countries was 6.780. Most of the people coming to Hull are from Poland, Lithuania, Latvia. Migrant workers come with a broad range of qualifications and skills. They intend to choose low skilled jobs through recruitment agencies and take a low- income employment. This research will look into the reasons why migrant workers have a tendency to take vacancies in low skilled jobs market despite the level of skills they have. The immediate aims of this research are: †¢ To explore skills and qualifications of East European workers; †¢ To clarify primary obstacles faced by immigrants wanting to access better employment; †¢ To look into reasons why East European workers don’t adapt in English labor market. ... In order to achieve these aims, in the course of researching, a survey would have to be done to know the hopes and needs of Eastern European (EE) migrant workers in the UK. The laws and regulations affecting those Eastern European Migrant workers have to be scrutinized and summarized to see how they can affect their hopes and needs. The survey questionnaire should gather some information about their strengths and weaknesses as Eastern European Migrant workers. A review of their opportunities, rights, and privileges will then shed light on the usefulness of those strengths in the UK. Finally, in order that this formal research can contribute some insights to the existing body of knowledge about Eastern European Migrants in the UK, and to the improvements in productivity with the UK, an attempt to recommend plans will be done for the conversion of Eastern European Migrant workers at Hull into becoming more productive for the UK. Overview The UK government is committed to its Equality A ct 2010 which serves as an anti-discrimination law. It gives equal treatment in trying to access employment regardless of race, religion or belief, gender, civil status. By December 2010, the government (GEO 2010) â€Å"announced that it will bring into force section 159 of the Equality Act 2010 in April 2011. This will help employers achieve a more diverse workforce by giving them the option, when faced with candidates of equal merit, to choose a candidate from an under-represented group.† In 2005, Hull had a sluggish economy in 2005. Growth was low. Productivity was low. Earnings were low. So the Local Authorities of Hull developed a strategy and called it NDC or New Deal for Communities Sanderson, I., Green, A., and

Discussion Forum510 #6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Forum510 #6 - Essay Example The basics of infection prevention and control entail determining the chances that a person may be infected and the modes that can facilitate its contraction. Furthermore, everyone is encouraged to take precautions in concern to all the typical safety measures and ways that the infection can be using to transmit; moreover, the criteria should have the application of risk management basics and processes. Decisively, any living organism ought to have a way of transmitting to and from different people and since an infection takes time before it is established health agencies are skeptical about the many dissimilar modes of transmission that there is (Marian 2012). The aspect of uncertainty calls for every standard precaution that begins from ensuring hygiene of the body but mostly hands and wearing personal protective equipment such as aprons/gowns, gloves, face and eye protective wear for almost every process. Apart from the basic safeguards, the situation also calls for additional safety measures regarding how one handles and disposes sharp objects, waste or linen; also, management of the working environment, politeness when coughing, and the ecological instruments or equipment require absolute salvaging. The third set, though equally significant set of precautions is on applying safety measures based on transmission and range from touching base, globule and airborne depending on the different symptoms and assumptions (Goodman 2005). The final phase of the standard and transmission based precautions is on dealing with eruption circumstances and multi-resistant organisms, and taking a risk management approach to all procedures through the use of therapeutic devices and proposed surgical procedures. After establishing the above processes, precautions and procedures, the health agencies leaders partake in management and clinical governance where different people are designated

Can Participatory Democracy Replace Representative Democracy Politics Essay

Can Participatory Democracy Replace Representative Democracy Politics Essay Over the past years, it has been observed that liberal democracy and it is choices of representations that is founded on appropriation of power through provoked consent has not been able to deliver freedoms and development and therefore, is considered a non functional choice. This essay is arguing that participatory democracy is not only a viable alternative to representative democracy. But it is the only viable option for the troubled societies of the modern era; it descends from democracy in its true form direct democracy and hence leads to progress and development. Which constitute it attraction as a renewed theory seeks response to representative democracy crisis. This essay used the model of Kerala in India to provide a case example of that participatory democracy with all its positive achievement is yet, to be empowered through proper participation and enriched experiences. Using critical analysis the essay will provide discussions on the notions of democracy in general, representative democracy and its critiques and overview of participatory democracy origins and features shortly try to draw the distinction between participatory democracy and deliberative democracy consecutively then overview of discussions around the Model of Kerala participatory democracy, finally discussions between PD/RD in the context of the developing world. Democracy: the contested notion According to William Connolly, democracy is a fundamentally contested notion on which it is impossible to reach an agreement (Barber, 1984). Although the differences in opinions might be frustrating it still does not destroy the worth of the contested concept. Before we indulge in the discussion whether participatory democracy is a viable alternative to representative democracy or not, we must understand what those terms stand for and how contested visions interpreted them, but first understanding the term democracy in its essence. Although a recent article by Nobel laureate Amartya Sen (2005) highlights revealed evidences that democracy has been theorised in many civilisations including Asian, African as well as in European and American. But, as part of our Eurocentric knowledge (said 2003); the word democracy commonly makes its origins from ancient Greece. With the supremacy of the Roman Empire, the theory of democracy declined. However, it found its way back into the European thought with the fall of the Roman Empire, primarily because of the translation of Aristotles politics into Latin in the early 1260s. (Beetham 2005) Since then debates on democracy have become a vital part of the Western culture and have continued to grow and merge into mainstream thought process. It is interesting to note that when Aristotle spoke about democracy in his work, he meant direct democracy; a form in which people rule and are ruled in turn. The underlying issue is that self-government is deemed as a critical element of democracy or in fact the essence of democracy. In present times where most discourses on democracy are occupied by discussions on election; elections are held for relatively longer times, indulge in exhaustive policy-drafting roles, the conditions of democracy are not met and hence the government no longer remains a democracy but turns into an oligarchy, despite the participation of all citizens in the election process. However, with due course of time, with redefinition, the notion of democracy has gained a new history to a certain extent, one which has almost nothing to do with its roots in ancient Greece (Bruce 2004). The previous concept of democracy had evolved because of historical incidents where lower classes, mostly the peasants, acquired a more active and unique civic status. Hence this form democracy origin begins with European feudalism rather than Athenian democracy. In our modern era, many people regard democracy as sacrosanct, and they are not eager to adopt or even try different governing. Amartya Sen (1999) in his article Democracy as a Universal Value, building on the argument that there are diverse origins for democracy criticising the tendency toward oversimplification that The practice of democracy that has won out in the modern West is largely a result of a consensus that has emerged since the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution(p.15) and it need to be exported to the rest of the world. He rejects the claims that Asian values and traditions are not supportive for democracy, providing examples from Asia and Africa history, making the point that democracy is a universal value (p.16). One important issue coincided democracy practice and theory is the majority rule. Dahl (1989) provides rational justification for accepting the majority rule using four different ways including: maximising the number of people who can exercise self-determination in collective decisions (p.138); majority rule is more likely can reach correct decisions, finally it maximise the utility based on maximising the satisfaction on decisions and there is no other cost-effective rule. Although justification form authors who favour or disfavour majority rule are always present it has been accepted in most practices of democracies. For instance see David Estlund (1997), who argues against the majority rule and fair proceduralism and favour of fair deliberative proceduralism. However, in this regard the term democracy has been understood as government by consent (Bhagwati 1995). The term democracy became a reference to a field where different parties test the strength and feasibility of their respective point of views, or even as a reward to be accomplished by a party that can provide the most solid, logical and convincing arguments (Barber 1984). The western practice of democracy was heavily shaped by the consequent politics of representation that followed the French and American revolutions, moving away from the face to face interaction of the ancient Athenian city direct democracy to representative democracy (Dahl 1989). REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY Similar to the overall democracy concept, the notion of representative democracy is no less contestation (Saward 2008). The varieties of human experiences in practicing representation enriched the notion, and made it almost impractical to define using dictionaries statement. The theories have gone far, for example Michael Saward (2008) is claiming that all democratic politics is representative politics (p.1005), denying that the direct democracy is not more democratic than the representative democracy and representative democracy is not in contrast with direct democracy but incorporating it. However, I can outline three peculiarities in order to understand representative democracy mainly 1) Election: people vote to elected officials to be considered as their democratic representatives; they have 2) Delegation: they are delegated by their trustees, to practice 3) Mediation: they are assigned to speak on behalf of social groups interests within a forum normally referred to as assembly or parliament etc, having discussions to reach a 4) Collective decision making( Laver and Kenneth A. Shepsle 1994). In short, Representative democracy is about having fair voting process and the result of that voting determine who will decide and what decision are going to be decided. Representation is based on the assumption that members of the society and social agents thriving for Nobel goals of their own society can act as the engineers of social evolution, in settings of cooperation, harmony, dialogue, respect for variations in culture and also for economic agents, opens up bright promising avenues for growth and progress. Primarily this assumption is challenged by the situation of the developing world of today where many democracies collapsed (Diskin 2005). In the early seventeenth and eighteenth centuries coupling the growth of liberal thought in many western regions, division of powers theory and human right culture that claimed by the mentioned revolutions; the overall representative democracies form of governance and mixed governments has referred to as liberal democracies. Best example for this is England, which a mixed government where the King represented monarchic principle, the aristocratic one being represented by the House of Lords and the House of Commons symbolizing democracy. Now since the King was also identified as an executive, the legislature being the House of Commons, and the House of Lords at least to a degree as the judiciary (Chavez and Franklin 2004). Â  Within a representative democracy it is assumed that wide-ranging public and political association bonding the society, triggered from outside the political dome of liberal democracy for a mutual enlistment of forces of the entire society and productive cadres from the political groups set up the stage for a powerful and solid representative democracy (Gruegel 2002). In a similar manner as they interact in real life in social procedures and dealings. Expertise, skill and charisma are the true skills of any good governance, but only once reliability, democracy and integrity are ensured (Huber and Stephens 1997). Leadership is not by self-postulation in representative democracy which prevents turning suspected support, intellect or expertise into the key sources for any claims to leadership. Gentle, honest, moral, intelligent and social skills acquire enough space to speak for it and perform in a political liberation operation based on progress, representation and ideology, rather than be dominated into exclusion by the immorality and deficits that hold command over the otherwise political scene (Kaufman 1997). David Beetham (2005) out line some principles to distinguish representative democracy form other forms particularly oligarchy to justify rule by the few including equal right for all citizens to elect and be elected for all public office except for those position that requires special qualifications. Transparent official and legal access to it, freedom of expression, and the right of forming associations including media firms and other forms of associations, with the possibility of influencing decisions from the bottom up, the rights of citizens are legally protected and they have the right to vote on constitutional amendments and changes. Undeniably, those are human rights together with other political, social and economical rights are essential frame work for any of our modern eras forms of democracy, but not necessarily related only to the representative democracy. The overall practice and theory of liberal democracy or representative form of governance has been critiqued and challenged by many political theories, importantly in this essay I will provide a brief overview about those theories, because re-theorising direct democracy in the name of participatory democracy has built its advocacy on the below areas of analysis: The domination of elite theories: the classics elite theorist like Vilfredo Pareto, Gaetano Mosca, and Robert Michels, tried to articulate the gap between the governing group and the rest of society and highlight the domination of powers in few people hands, interestingly the critiques goes both side socialist and liberal arenas as it focus on the issue ultimate domination by few people to take the decisions, for Michels within any attempt to institutionalise the society there are going to be an iron law of oligarchy: an ultimate domination by few people in case of governments they are beaurocrats. A more recent attempts to articulate the same gap arguing that the public policies are and administration outcomes not reflecting the will of the citizens, but rather they are from an elite consensus (Bachrach 1967; Van den 1979). The Marxist critiques of the state being a tool in the hands of the oppressor ruling class; which focus on the structural classification of the society, and articulates the domination of economical sphere, upon the politics and ideology without the necessity for ruling class members to personally oversee the workings of the government. In the Marxist views the liberal democracy has been seen as distancing the masses from any genuine form of participation, and creating representative bodies (parliaments) which exclude and alienate the bulk of the population (Blaug and Schwarzmantel 2003 p.232) The anarchist critiques which emphasises the rule of propaganda in controlling the public, and the media is naturally in the hands of the powerful (Chomsky 2003 p. 246) and see the state has broken the social contract ; hence the call is for resistance and rebellion for aim of free Society. The modern political theories critiques, one dimension is the claims that economic factors exert a powerful effect on voting decisions, depending on government economic performance the political support can operate (Sander 1994 p.93). Another dimension is the valid critique that within a representative democracy there are dynamics for exclusion. One convincing critique is the feminist one, which clarify the fact that the basic unit of liberal democracy has always been a man, an actor in the public sphere, a male property accumulator (Blaug and Schwarzmantel 2003 p.301). Given the destructive nature of the criticism that dominated the discourse around liberal democracy (Duncan 1983 p.196), the liberal theorists in return considered remittances by practicing deliberative opinions polls and referendums in expanding the practice of democracy (Beetham 2005). David Beetham (2005) theoretically argues that a government can be a democracy only to the extent that that the selection to every office, or to each office, except the ones which necessitate expertise and skill, ought to be made by lot. This implies that nobody gets to enjoy the same position more than once except for the case of military positions (Beetham 2005), thus any theory of civic skills must take into account that citizens are embedded in networks of social, as well as political, relationships(Mutz 2006 p.150). One can argue Beetham (2005) that changing the faces would not change facts outlined by the above theories that representative democracy is not representing the will of people. Conse quently, led to what Herbert Marcuse stated as a mutilated crippled and frustrated human existence (as cited in Duncan 1983 p.195). Participatory democracy: For participatory democracy a likely starting point is the notion of sovereignty or of self-government. Amongst the contemporary theories of democracy, this is the oldest and the only one that is widely accepted by citizens and political leaders, the theory was initially presented in writings of Thomas Paine, United States constitutions preamble and even in Lincolns address of Gettysburg (Beetham 2005). A key component of this concept is political independence, that is, a given set of people shall not administer themselves if they were subjected to any form of governance by anybody outside that set/group. This is considered as an essential requirement for participatory democracy. Another prerequisite is that the given independent set cannot be subjugated by any monarchy, any other traditional aristocracy, or any other group, but is only accountable to and is controlled by the population in general (Pinkney 2003). The theoretical starting point of this stipulation is that in general p eople are fundamentally concerned with leading their own lives and have a basic right to do so (Gaventa 2004). Digging in ancient Greeks theories of direct democracy and thoroughly studying the social contract of Jean Jacques Rousseau together with on liberty of John Stuart Mill, Carole Pateman (1970) came up with notion of participatory democracy aiming to reconstruct democracy by providing structural institutions reforms for participation. According to her the distinction criterion of the ideal form of participatory democracy, that draws the basic distinction between representative and direct democracy; is the equal opportunity of citizens to participate in decision making and in creating institutional platform for this participation based on the argument that individuals and institutions cannot be understood apart from each other. She takes the discussion further to look at the conditions of equal participation arguing that having representatives in the public domain will not ensure proper level of engagement of citizens on decisions affecting them. One of her major views, is the more part icipation the more stable system of democracy can be obtained. She argues that all social and political including family, employment institutions are to be democratised in order to reach the aspired ideal of representative democracy. She also emphasised the necessity of democratic training to be grounded at the family level as foundation for political public participation. A major shift in Patemans notion of participatory was done by Benjamin Barber (1984) who also draws his work on Rousseau and the classics, he critiques of representative democracy which he considers thin meaning not very democratic and contradicting the Western values of social Justice, equality and freedom because of the second outline in the previous mention peculiarities of representative democracy saying: It delegates and thus alienates political will at the cost of genuine self-government and autonomy. As Rousseau warned the instant people allows itself to be represented it loses its freedom. Freedom and citizenship are correlates; each sustain and give life to the other (p.145). For him the absence of community sense in representative democracy makes equality just a fiction while social justice depraved by encroaching self-sufficiently and personal autonomy. Going back to Sen (2005) and Said (2003) and many others, indeed those principles and values are not Western, they are just human values, maybe Benjamin Barber failed to express the manner of values and relate them to the West, but he succeeded to emphasise the role of community in order to strengthen participatory democracy. When he prioritise community participation over individual participation, indicating that community participation when combined with essential training means real participation in setting the agendas for deliberation, legislation and on policy implementation. The individual participation is just another rational for individualism. From the same point of favouring training, without direct link with literature of participatory democracy or the mentioned theorist framework, Paulo Freire (1970) coming from socialist prospective and using Marxists lexicons writing Pedagogy of the Oppressed a book that influenced and informed participatory democracy theory and practice. Freire (1970) laid out important foundations for developing world experiences of participatory; first by directing participation from the intellectual rhetoric of the west into the developing countries, secondly by centring the dialogue in the heart of participation to reach consensus and agreements and indeed the earlier dialogue begins the more truly revolutionary will be the movement (p.128); thirdly and most importantly attributing the theory with social movement aspects of empowering the people through abolishment the teacher-student dichotomy as very basic roles in participation. To summarise the explanation of notion of participatory democracy, I can extract from the reviewed materials and from the above discussion cornerstones of participatory democracy, which involve 1) Democratic active political participation in all society institutions 2) Direct community involvement in dialogue and decision making. 3) Expansion of people participation in governance. 4) Empowering the community through the provision of relevant trainings. 5) Expansion of civil society role within the society. It is very important to distinguish between participatory democracy and deliberative democracy, because there is overlapping between participative and deliberative theories as both points of views are mutually supporting. In general, participatory democracy stresses on the extent of citizen participation, while on the other hand, deliberative democracy focuses on the quality of citizen participation (Fisher 2003). In order to comply with the participatory standard, it is essential for all citizens to be politically active with an additional requirement that their involvement be sincere and not driven be any logical reason. While these positions are unique, some advocates of either view contest the benefits of embracing the other one. In short, the advantages of complete citizen partnership will increase if their participation was reasonable, whereas, more widespread participation would boost the advantages of reasonable debate amongst the public. The most vivid distinction in the two ways is that participatory democracy possesses the tendency to absorb and merge civil society into its political system, whereas, the deliberative democracy identifies and even acknowledges the independent reality of the political domain (Webster 2002). Finally, in deliberative democracy different views continues to discuss until reframing a point of view that is mutually acceptable, while in participatory people may accept voting as an exit mechanism from the discussion. Having discussed the cornerstones of participatory democracy, it is now worthy to mention that over the past twenty years or so participatory institutions have gained popularity throughout the developing nations in an attempt to intensify the quality of democracy. In countries such as India, Brazil, Indonesia, Venezuela, local governments have experimented with participatory form of government to foster accountability and create active and well-informed citizens which help in establishing the atmosphere for realizing social justice (Prendergast 2005). In these states, participatory democracy has been able to produce set political and social progresses which have immensely deepened the quality of democracy (Fisher 2003). Social capital was generated, empowerment of citizens became a possibility and most of all government systems started to became fair and transparent. Insights of participatory democracy More relevant to reality than theory is to provide a case, in order to analyse the rigour of the claims in the previous analysis of the theoretical framework, through summarising the outcomes of many studies and researches done around one case which is Kerala in India. The justification for selection of Kerala could be: it is an experience of participatory democracy within a developing country, it attracted hundreds of scholars from around the globe by claiming success in transforming the society (Ramanathaiyer and MacPherson 2000), literature is available, the size of participation claimed is very big compared to other places, it involve both rural and urban areas, it is relatively happened within an worlds largest democracy and the developing countries oldest democracy when compared to other examples of Porto Alegre of Brazil and south Africa, it broke through and within a society feudalism specifically caste system and then draw some lessons learnt from the case. Note worthily the Kerala model of participatory democracy has been referred to: in consulted literature as socialist democracy (Heller 2009; Williams 2009) participatory development Participatory governance (Fung and Wright 2003; Hordijk 2005). For the aim of consistency and for the subject of our essay I will keep it as Participatory democracy. Inheriting a burden of a developing region, with a diversity of social stratifications the socialist governments in Kerala adopted participatory approach in engaging the people in their own development (Parayil 2000). Village councils empowered through involvement in the preparation of detailed development plans that are then put to vote in village assemblies, 140 Assembly constituencies created, mass planning and participation conducted at least 10% of the population participated in planning activities, public meetings and seminars are routine for instance Maitreesh Ghatak and Maitreya Ghatak (2002) states that:Since 1998 meetings have been regularly held in practically all of the around forty-five thousand constituencies over the state(p.49)., trainings learning-by-doing workshops to directly involve citizens in decision making, the process made to connects the peoples deliberations to actual decisions is more direct and less subject to bureaucratic alteration, social-economic data collection, cadastral plan updating by citizens, On the construction of small bridges and roads many cases of public taking, and drains by themselves, participatory developmental project skills and experiences developed leading to mobilisation of local resources and voluntary networks and excellent projects deliverable in many cases below the estimated budgets, have been reported. Hundreds thousands of citizens are volunteering in planning execution of developmental projects. Networks and structures of expertise retired skilled workers were created and made functional. Mass social and community mobilisation campaigns conducted (Heller and Isaac 2003; Parayil 1996; Ramanathaiyer and MacPherson 2000; Ramachandran 2000). Many strategies to enhance citizen participation were adopted including but not limited to: (1) allocation of funds that mandates that certain amounts must be spent on interventions targeting the needs of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, addressing women, children, the disabled, and the elderly; (2) participation, in which one-third of the number of seats in the committees and assemblies is reserved for women and a proportionate number is reserved for marginalised castes and historically disempowered tribes and communities in the assemblies; (3) massive capacity-building and awareness raising intervention and campaigns to sensitize the involved with the planning process as well as the assemblers and committees; and (4) continuous monitoring and evaluation for these components at many levels (Chettiparamb 2006). The allocation of funds in practice was proportionally high Starting in 1996, about 40 per cent of the state government controlled funds were devolved from the bureaucra cy to panchayat village planning councils (Ghatak and Ghatak 2002 p.53). It has been argued that this led to corruption cases (Das 2000), Indeed it did at the beginning but through transparency and participation in monitoring the practice has remarkably improved in terms of development there have been some positive outcomes already, including a decline in the prevailing cynicism towards development activities(Datta 1997 as cited in Crook and Sverrisson 1999). Kerala participatory democracy model has already established its success in development, centring planning and mass participation as instruments of social mobilisation in decentralised administration; in which the ultimate aim of decentralisation has to be to give opportunity for as much direct participation of people in daily governance as possible (Isaac 2000 p.7). As well as supporting microfinance, which aims, alleviate poverty and empowers women (Devika and Thampi 2007) In this state of 30 million of population, successive waves of social movements, a rich and competitive sector of civic organizations and citizens who know and use their rights have kept political parties and the State accountable, producing Indias most competitive party system and its most efficacious state (Heller 2000). Chettiparamb (2006) stressed that the confidence in civil society institution that competent of decision making was moderately aligned with goals of participatory democracy, democratic decentralization, and deliberative planning (p.188). Success was based not on upraising some subaltern vision but by first destroying feudalism through popular land reform policies and incorporating many people in the anti feudalism policies and campaigns, then continuing to expand a participation on civil society. The expansion of political and social citizenship can become the basis for creating social change in Kerala. Applying examples from farming, small industry, and the informal sectors, Patrick Heller (1999) analysis of the political dynamics through which active participation has reduced the capitalist growth and transformed the state from a period of open class struggle and oppression relationships to one of citizenship conciliation. His work concludes that the model provide broader indulgent to the complicated relationship between participatory democracy and market economies in the context of developing country. Ramachandran (2000) explains that high participation in Kerala and devolution of government into institutions and the government commitment in participation have increased the government expenditure on education and this is the explanation for higher literacy and better health awareness in Kerala. Citing comprehensive statistical records and using a Chinese methodology in evaluating the development in Kerala, Ramanathaiyer and MacPherson (2000) research revealed a paradox that the state has achieved high scores according to the Physical quality of Life Index and Human Development Indicator and low economic growth according to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) figures in compared to other states which adopted representative notions in governance. Although the research has well documented the success of Keralas participatory democracy model it remained sceptical to the overall Known development goals and their contradictions with each other for example; achieving higher literacy rate does not really translate into higher employment where unemployment reaches 21.19 per cent(p.45). However, relatively recent statistical records provides evidence on growth and improvements and sustainability in Keralas human development indicators; surveys proves that as well, such as the National Famil y and health National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) (MHFWGI 2006); for instance in 2007 a research by Zacharia and Rajan indicated that unemployment has dropped to 9.4 per cent (Kumar 2007). Hence Sen (1999) capabilities argument in development as freedom: there is more to be achieved in development than just GDP statistics, however, poverty is a major but not the only problem in the developing world, Kerala model stimulated the debate on the many concepts of development. The Kerala model of participation remarkable achievement in social development indicators has led to question united nations common used indicators such as literacy rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, fertility rates, etc whether they are reflexive indicators for social development, While poverty still in the state (Kurien 2000). In contrast there are some scholars who argue that GDP as indicator is not properly reflexive and thus illusory (Pritchett 2000) or Kerala income is underestimated (Ahluwalia 2000). Veron (2001) is arguing that Kerala model addressed some failures in term of community based sustainable development, relying on ecological and environmental aspects incorporated in his drew conceptualisation of sustainable development. He also sees the participation has not gone deep enough, thus Kerala model has already included allocation of increased funds for village development plans, and has implemented decentralised planning process that that aims to involve the civil society at every stage (p.612). Since the 1960s Kerala received attention accreditation and praises, for instance Samuel Huntington (1968 as cited in Heller 2009) describes it as an example of successful political modernization in the developing world. And continued to be judged positively for example Amartya Sen (1997 cited in Parayil 2000) appreciated it with concerns about the economic growth. There are many legitimate questions about what would happen when the socialist movement stop wining the elections?; Can this participatory mov

Rhetoric, Paideia and the Phaedrus Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical P

Rhetoric, Paideia and the Phaedrus ABSTRACT: Some of the notorious interpretive puzzles of the Phaedrus arise from reading it in terms of a static version of mimesis; hence, the concerns about its apparent failure to enact its own norms and the status of its own self-commentaries. However, if the dialogue is read in the light of the more dynamic model of a perfectionist paideia — that is, Plato’s portrayal of Socrates as attempting to woo Phaedrus to philosophy (with only partial success) is itself a rhetorical attempt to woo the appropriate reader — then many of the puzzles fall into place as part of the rhetorical strategy. The apparent lack of formal unity arises out of Phaedrus’ own deficiencies; the written dialogue turns out precisely not to fall foul of the criticisms of writing that it contains, and its self-commentaries can be given their appropriate ironic weight. On this reading, a Platonic conception of philosophy that embodies yet transcends the dialectical is given persuasive expression. The interpretative puzzles of the Phaedrus are notorious: from a rhetorical point of view it is far from clear that it exhibits the organic unity it apparently endorses, from a philosophical one it exhibits in partially dialectical writing a critique of dialectical writing, while its self-commentary on its own set speeches is puzzling — not least the degree of endorsement it allows to the associations between mania, eros, poetry and philosophy rhetorically presented in Socrates' second speech. Richard Rutherford's recent discussion of these issues (1995: chap. 9) provides a helpful starting point. He plausibly argues for reading Socrates' second speech in the light of the wider dialogue — not least in the light of the Pha... ...ch feelings in the context of one's own experience of eros that one may find one's sensibilities transformed. The wings of the soul of the appropriate reader, on this account, would be capable of being nourished into growth through the dialogue itself, standing to us as older friend in the perfectionist aspiration, a dialogue which in appropriating one may move beyond. Works Cited: Cavell 1990: Stanley Cavell, Conditions Handsome and Unhandsome, Carus Lectures 1988, Chicago and London, University of Chicago Nietzsche 1983: Friedrich Nietzsche, Untimely Meditations, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Nussbaum 1986: Martha Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Plato 1986: Plato, Phaedrus, ed. and tr. C.J. Rowe, Warminster, Aris & Phillips Rutherford 1995: R.B. Rutherford, The Art of Plato, Trowbridge, Duckworth